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 Special Issue on The Sustainable Development Goals

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Volume 9, May 2026

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31 May 2026

Vol. 9,  Special Issue (Bi-yearly)



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Experimental Investigation on Paver Blocks Using By-Products and WasteMaterials

Abstract

 The paver block is one of the most widely used flexible surface-treatment options for exterior pavement applications, valuedfor its aesthetics, durability, ease of maintenance and replacement, and skid resistance. This study investigates the feasibility ofmanufacturing Type-C paver blocks — with all faces curved or corrugated so that adjoining units interlock along their vertical faces— by partially replacing conventional aggregates with industrial by-products and waste materials. Fine aggregate was partiallyreplaced with copper slag (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 %), while coarse aggregate was partially replaced with coconut shell (10, 15 and20 %) and crumb rubber (10, 15 and 20 %), individually and in combination, in M20-grade concrete. The physical properties of allconstituent materials — specific gravity, fineness modulus and water absorption — were characterised, and mixes were proportionedas per IS 10262:2009. Paver block specimens (250 mm × 125 mm × 60 mm) were cast, cured and tested for compressive strength at7, 14 and 28 days. The results indicate that a 20 % replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag combined with coconut shell ascoarse aggregate produced the highest 28-day compressive strength among the mixes studied, exceeding the target strength of thecontrol mix. The study demonstrates that copper slag, coconut shell and crumb rubber can be effectively utilised in paver-blockmanufacture, reducing natural-resource depletion and offering a sustainable route for the disposal of industrial and agriculturalwaste.Key words: Paver block, copper slag, coconut shell, crumb rubber, compressive strength, waste materials, sustainable construction.

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